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TOPIC-1
Political Parties
Quick Review
What is a political party?
- A political party is a collection of individuals who band together to run for office and control the government.
- Voters are mobilized to support shared interests, issues, and objectives.
- A political party sets the political agenda and policies and makes the case to the public that their policies are superior to those of other parties in an effort to win support.
- A political party is the channel via which citizens can communicate with the executive branch and influence national policy.
- A political party consists of three elements : [i] the leaders, [ii] the active members, [iii] the followers.
Functions of political party
- Elections are contested by parties by fielding candidates.
- In certain nations, party members and supporters choose the candidates ( for eg., USA).
- Top party leaders select candidates to run in elections in other nations — ( for eg., India).
- Voters select among the various ideas and programs that the parties have put forth. In a democracy, a sizable number of individuals with comparable viewpoints band together to create a party, which subsequently directs the government’s policies.
- Election losers make up the opposition, which expresses diverse opinions and faults the government’s failed initiatives. They organize the government’s adversaries.
- They influence how people feel. Parties start movements to address issues that the populace is facing with the assistance of pressure organizations.
- People can access government resources through parties, including social programs run by the government. It is simpler for a regular person to speak with a local party leader than a government official.
Need for political parties
- Political parties must be transparent about the roles they play for democracies to exist. There wouldn’t be any political parties, so :
- In an election, each candidate would turn independent. They are unable to guarantee the public any significant policy reforms. No one will be accountable for the direction the nation takes.
- Only representational democracy can function in huge civilizations. Political parties develop into a platform for presenting the government with a variety of viewpoints on numerous problems.
Flowchart
Important Terms
- Party : Parties are required to represent a nation’s citizens. They support the legislature’s orderly operation by helping to hold elections.
- Political party : A political party is a collection of individuals who come together with a clear agenda to run for office and control the government.
TOPIC-2 ‘Political Parties‘
Quick Review
What is party system
There are three types of party systems :
(i) One-party system (ii) Two-party system and (iii) Multi-party system.
(i) One-Party System : In some nations, the government can only be managed and controlled by one party. This system lacks any competition. The candidates are nominated by the single party, and there are only two options for voters: (a) not to cast a ballot at all, or (b) to check or cross off the names of the party’s nominees. China, North Korea, Cuba, and other authoritarian regimes as well as Communist nations have all adopted this approach. Up until the end of communism, this system was also common in the USSR.
(ii) Two-Party System : Between two significant, dominant parties, power shifts. In this system, the candidate who receives the most votes—but not necessarily a majority of them—wins the election. Typically, the smaller parties either abandon election campaigns or combine with the larger parties. In both the United States and Great Britain, where only two parties command a sizable majority of seats, this parliamentary system is in place. Supporters of this system contend that it allows the government to function effectively and avoids the dangers of fragmentation (when too many parties win members from various constituencies).
(iii) Multi-Party System : It is the most typical form of party structure. In this system, three or more parties have the potential to seize power either individually or collectively. In a multi-party parliamentary system, a coalition government is formed when no party wins a majority of the seats in the legislature. Supporters of this system point out that it enables the government to represent a wider range of viewpoints. Politics can become unstable when there are multiple parties in power, according to this system’s detractors.
Flowchart of Political Parties
Important Terms of Political Parties Class 10 Notes
- Mono-party system : A political system known as a “mono-party system” is one in which the government is managed and controlled by just one party.
- Bi-party system : A bi-party system is one in which control only rotates between two parties. The majority-holding party forms the government, and the opposing party forms the opposition.
- Multi-party system : In this system, there are multiple parties vying for control, and more than two of them have a decent chance of doing so, either independently or through an alliance with another party.
- Coalition government : When no single party obtains a majority of seats in a multi-party system, numerous parties typically come together based on tolerance and compromise to create a coalition government.
TOPIC-3 ‘National and Regional Parties’
Quick Review
An Alliance
An alliance or front is created when many parties in a multi-party system work together to run for office and win elections. India has three of these partnerships for parliamentary elections between 2004 and 2009.
- National Democratic Alliance
- The United Progressive Alliance and
- Left Front
Proportion of Participation
The proportion of people in India who feel close to a political party is very high, and political party membership has also increased. Level of participation in the activities of the parties is extremely high in India, compared to much lower levels in developed nations like Canada, Japan, Spain, and South Korea.
Election Commission
In India, the Election Commission requires that each party obtain registration. The Commission treats all parties equally, but it grants large and well-established parties unique privileges. They are referred to as “recognised political parties” and given a special emblem.
Major Political Parties in India :
- Indian National Congress (INC)
- Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
- Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
- Communist Party of India – Marxist (CPI-M)
- Communist Party of India (CPI)
- Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
State or Regional Political Parties
- Localized parties don’t necessarily have to have regional ideologies or outlooks. Some of these parties are nationalist organisations with a strong presence in only a few states in India.
- Parties having national level political structure and branches in various states include the Samajwadi Party, Samata Party, and Rashtriya Janata Dal.
- The Biju Janata Dal, the Sikkim Democratic Front, and the Mizo National Front are a few of these parties that are aware of their state identities.
Flowcharts
Important Terms
- National party : A party is recognised as a national party if it wins four seats in the Lok Sabha or receives at least 6% of the total votes cast.
- Regional party : The Election Commission of India categorises all parties as state parties, with the exception of the six national parties. Regional parties are another name for them.
- Alliance : An alliance or front is created when many parties in a multi-party system work together to run for office and win elections. India has three of these partnerships for parliamentary elections between 2004 and 2009.
